עָבַד
a.vad
to serve
Lexicon Entry
Lexicon data from STEPBible TIPNR, Tyndale House, Cambridge. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
What Original Readers Understood
Supported# עָבַד (avad): Service and Labor in Biblical Hebrew The Hebrew word עָבַד (avad) appears 97 times throughout the Bible with the primary meaning "to serve." This frequency indicates that the concept of service held considerable importance in ancient Hebrew religious and social discourse. The word encompasses both the act of performing duties for another and the broader relationship of subordination or obligation that such service entails. Its prevalence across biblical texts suggests that service—whether to God, to other persons, or through labor—constituted a fundamental category in Hebrew thought. The range of the word's usage extends beyond simple servitude to include various contexts of work, worship, and obedience. The short definition "to serve" captures the core semantic value, but the 97 occurrences demonstrate that the term operated across multiple spheres of ancient life: religious devotion, household labor, agricultural work, and political subjugation. This semantic breadth indicates that עָבַד functioned as a primary vocabulary item for expressing dependency relationships and obligatory performance of duties, making it central to how biblical authors described both human social structures and humanity's relationship to the divine.
Source data & methodology
Occurrences in Scripture
97 total occurrences across the text — showing 50
They abandoned the house of Yahweh, the God of their fathers, and served the Asherah poles and the idols, so wrath came on Judah and Jerusalem for this their guiltiness.
Job 39:9“Will the wild ox be content to serve you? Or will he stay by your feeding trough?
Isaiah 14:3It will happen in the day that Yahweh will give you rest from your sorrow, from your trouble, and from the hard service in which you were made to serve,
Isaiah 60:12For that nation and kingdom that will not serve you shall perish; yes, those nations shall be utterly wasted.
Jeremiah 17:4You, even of yourself, will discontinue from your heritage that I gave you. I will cause you to serve your enemies in the land which you don’t know, for you have kindled a fire in my anger which will burn forever.”
Jeremiah 22:13“Woe to him who builds his house by unrighteousness, and his rooms by injustice; who uses his neighbor’s service without wages, and doesn’t give him his hire;
Jeremiah 25:11This whole land will be a desolation, and an astonishment; and these nations will serve the king of Babylon seventy years.
Jeremiah 25:14For many nations and great kings will make bondservants of them, even of them. I will recompense them according to their deeds, and according to the work of their hands.”
Jeremiah 27:6Now I have given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant. I have also given the animals of the field to him to serve him.
Jeremiah 27:7All the nations will serve him, his son, and his son’s son, until the time of his own land comes. Then many nations and great kings will make him their bondservant.
Jeremiah 27:7All the nations will serve him, his son, and his son’s son, until the time of his own land comes. Then many nations and great kings will make him their bondservant.
Jeremiah 27:8“ ‘ “ ‘It will happen that I will punish the nation and the kingdom which will not serve the same Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and that will not put their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon,’ says Yahweh, ‘with the sword, with famine, and with pestilence, until I have consumed them by his hand.
Jeremiah 27:9But as for you, don’t listen to your prophets, to your diviners, to your dreams, to your soothsayers, or to your sorcerers, who speak to you, saying, “You shall not serve the king of Babylon;”
Jeremiah 27:11But the nation that brings their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon and serves him, that nation I will let remain in their own land,’ says Yahweh; ‘and they will till it and dwell in it.’ ” ’ ”
Jeremiah 27:12I spoke to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these words, saying, “Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live.
Jeremiah 27:13Why will you die, you and your people, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, as Yahweh has spoken concerning the nation that will not serve the king of Babylon?
Jeremiah 27:14Don’t listen to the words of the prophets who speak to you, saying, ‘You shall not serve the king of Babylon;’ for they prophesy a lie to you.
Jeremiah 27:17Don’t listen to them. Serve the king of Babylon, and live. Why should this city become a desolation?
Jeremiah 28:14For Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel says, “I have put a yoke of iron on the neck of all these nations, that they may serve Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they will serve him. I have also given him the animals of the field.” ’ ”
Jeremiah 28:14For Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel says, “I have put a yoke of iron on the neck of all these nations, that they may serve Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they will serve him. I have also given him the animals of the field.” ’ ”
Jeremiah 30:8It will come to pass in that day, says Yahweh of Armies, that I will break his yoke from off your neck, and will burst your bonds. Strangers will no more make them their bondservants;
Jeremiah 34:9that every man should let his male servant, and every man his female servant, who is a Hebrew or a Hebrewess, go free; that no one should make bondservants of them, of a Jew his brother.
Jeremiah 34:10All the princes and all the people obeyed who had entered into the covenant, that everyone should let his male servant, and everyone his female servant go free, that no one should make bondservants of them any more. They obeyed and let them go;
Jeremiah 34:14At the end of seven years, every man of you shall release his brother who is a Hebrew, who has been sold to you, and has served you six years. You shall let him go free from you; but your fathers didn’t listen to me, and didn’t incline their ear.
Jeremiah 40:9Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan swore to them and to their men, saying, “Don’t be afraid to serve the Chaldeans. Dwell in the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it will be well with you.
Jeremiah 40:9Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan swore to them and to their men, saying, “Don’t be afraid to serve the Chaldeans. Dwell in the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it will be well with you.
Ezekiel 20:39“ ‘As for you, house of Israel, the Lord Yahweh says: “Go, everyone serve his idols, and hereafter also, if you will not listen to me; but you shall no more profane my holy name with your gifts and with your idols.
Ezekiel 34:27The tree of the field will yield its fruit, and the earth will yield its increase, and they will be secure in their land. Then they will know that I am Yahweh, when I have broken the bars of their yoke, and have delivered them out of the hand of those who made slaves of them.
Hosea 12:12Jacob fled into the country of Aram, and Israel served to get a wife, and for a wife he tended flocks and herds.
Malachi 3:17They shall be mine,” says Yahweh of Armies, “my own possession in the day that I make, and I will spare them, as a man spares his own son who serves him.
Genesis 14:4They served Chedorlaomer for twelve years, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Genesis 15:13He said to Abram, “Know for sure that your offspring will live as foreigners in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them. They will afflict them four hundred years.
Genesis 15:14I will also judge that nation, whom they will serve. Afterward they will come out with great wealth;
Genesis 25:23Yahweh said to her, “Two nations are in your womb. Two peoples will be separated from your body. The one people will be stronger than the other people. The elder will serve the younger.”
Genesis 27:29Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother’s sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you.”
Genesis 27:40You will live by your sword, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you will shake his yoke from off your neck.”
Genesis 29:15Laban said to Jacob, “Because you are my relative, should you therefore serve me for nothing? Tell me, what will your wages be?”
Genesis 29:18Jacob loved Rachel. He said, “I will serve you seven years for Rachel, your younger daughter.”
Genesis 29:20Jacob served seven years for Rachel. They seemed to him but a few days, for the love he had for her.
Genesis 29:25In the morning, behold, it was Leah! He said to Laban, “What is this you have done to me? Didn’t I serve with you for Rachel? Why then have you deceived me?”
Genesis 29:27Fulfill the week of this one, and we will give you the other also for the service which you will serve with me for seven more years.”
Genesis 29:30He went in also to Rachel, and he loved also Rachel more than Leah, and served with him seven more years.
Genesis 30:26Give me my wives and my children for whom I have served you, and let me go; for you know my service with which I have served you.”
Genesis 30:26Give me my wives and my children for whom I have served you, and let me go; for you know my service with which I have served you.”
Genesis 30:29Jacob said to him, “You know how I have served you, and how your livestock have fared with me.
Genesis 31:6You know that I have served your father with all of my strength.
Genesis 31:41These twenty years I have been in your house. I served you fourteen years for your two daughters, and six years for your flock, and you have changed my wages ten times.
Genesis 49:15He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.
Exodus 1:13The Egyptians ruthlessly made the children of Israel serve,
Exodus 1:14and they made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and in brick, and in all kinds of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve.